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In commercial real estate, there are a few generally accepted methods for appraising (or valuing) real property. The three most common are the Cost Approach, the Sales Comparison Method, and the Income Approach. The Income Approach includes two methods, the simpler of the two is the Direct Capitalization method, which this post will cover. The second Income Approach method is the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), which is not covered in this post but is covered in-depth elsewhere here at A.CRE (see our A.CRE Ai1 as an example of a robust DCF).
Each approach has its advantages and when used in tandem, the various valuation methods give you – the real estate professional – the best idea of what the income-producing real estate you’re analyzing is worth. However, it’s not always prudent to take the time to go through each. Thus, the Income Approach is most commonly used, especially in the early stages of analysis, to appraise real property.
This post, the first in our A.CRE 101: Basic Concepts in Commercial Real Estate series, will introduce you to the Income Capitalization Approach and show you how you can use it to quickly estimate the value of income-producing real estate.
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A beginners series on commercial real estate financial analysis.
First a definition to get the post started. In our Glossary of Commercial Real Estate Terms, we define the Income Approach as:
One of three appraisal methods used in commercial real estate to estimate the value of income-producing property. The Income Approach includes two methods. The first method, the Income Capitalization Method, is a process whereby one year’s Net Operating Income is divided by a market Capitalization Rate to arrive at an estimated value. The second method, uses the Discounted Cash Flow to calculate the present value of a real estate investment’s forecasted future income and reversion value. The Income Approach is the most common appraisal method used to evaluate income-producing real estate.
I’d add that the Income Approach is equally as important for Industrial properties as it is for those property types listed above, and that this approach can be used generally with any property that produces consistent, predictable income. Note though, that the Income Capitalization Approach can not be used with for-sale real estate investments such as condos, for-sale single family, land development, etc.
To understand the Income Capitalization Approach (i.e. Direct Capitalization), we must first understand two other basic real estate concepts: Net Operating Income and Capitalization Rate. Net Operating Income is the net income from a property, in a given period, after deducting operating expenses but before deducting capital expenditures, debt service, and taxes. The formula for Net Operating Income is:
Effective Gross Income – Operating Expenses = Net Operating Income
The Capitalization Rate is a complex real estate financial term that I’ll oversimplify for purposes of this post. Simply put, it is the ratio of net operating income to a property’s value (NOI ÷ Value = Cap Rate) and generally represents an owner’s return on investment in a given year before accounting for capital costs, amortization, depreciation, taxes, etc. So while I’ll leave the definition for Cap Rate at that, keep in mind the Cap Rate is probably the most widely used, but least understood concept in commercial real estate and deserves further exploration beyond this post.
On its face, this method is incredibly simple:
Net Operating Income ÷ Cap Rate = Property Value
In the embedded video below, I walk you through the process in real-time, and offer some insights into what actually goes into steps 1 and 2.
As you’ll see in the video, there are numerous considerations that go into this method. While the steps are simple, determining the right NOI and the most appropriate cap rate is where your value as a real estate professional is earned. I’ll most of the details to the video, but allow me to offer a few considerations (rules) when performing this analysis.
One of the biggest mistakes young real estate professionals make, is to use an unstabilized net operating income in their calculation. The Direct Capitalization method assumes all income and expenses that go into the Net Operating Income are current and perpetual.
At a 5% cap rate, a $10,000 increase in NOI results in a value that is $200,000 higher. Thus, the income and expense assumptions you use to drive the net operating income are very important. The valuation that your analysis spits out is only as good as the assumptions that went into the analysis; hence the reason CRE professionals are paid the big bucks!
Just as value is highly sensitive to changes in NOI, small adjustments up or down to your assumed cap rate can have an equally great impact. The cap rate you use should be supported by recent sales and/or justified by solid data.
This version of the model is only compatible with Excel 2013, Excel 2016, and Excel 365.
For enhanced real estate valuation strategies, particularly in single-tenant net lease investments, utilize our STNL Valuation Model Custom GPT. This tool is designed to provide sophisticated analysis capabilities, enabling users to tailor financial models to specific property valuations. With this resource, you can input varying assumptions and immediately see how changes impact property values, supporting more informed investment decisions.
To make this source file accessible to everyone, it is offered on a “Pay What You’re Able” basis with no minimum (enter $0 if you’d like) or maximum (your support helps keep the content coming – typical tutorials sell for $25 – $100+ per license). Just enter a price together with an email address to send the download link to, and then click ‘Continue’. If you have any questions about our “Pay What You’re Able” program or why we offer our models on this basis, please reach out to either Mike or Spencer.
We regularly update the file (see version notes) . Paid contributors to the tutorial receive a new download link via email each time the tutorial is updated.
About the Author: Born and raised in the Northwest United States, Spencer Burton has over 20 years of residential and commercial real estate experience. Over his career, he has underwritten $30+ billion of commercial real estate at some of the largest institutional real estate firms in the world. He is currently President and member of the founding team at Stablewood. Spencer holds a BS in International Affairs from Florida State University and a Masters in Real Estate Finance from Cornell University.
